U.S. and Israeli Military Attacks Against Iran: Regional and Global Consequences
1. Introduction On February 28, 2026, U.S. military elements and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched coordinated and joint missile and air strikes targeting Iranian political leaders, nuclear facilities, military command structures, and military installations. In retaliation, the Iranian armed forces responded with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and missile at- tacks against Israel and the Persian Gulf countries hosting U.S. military bases, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. The scope of these mutual strikes expanded over time to target economic infrastructure, energy-related facilities, and commercial facilities. Finally, Iran closed the Strait of Hormuz, through whi- ch around twenty per cent of the world’s daily oil shipments pass, to maritime traffic. Con- sequently, the conflict evolved into a multi-dimensional and multi-front confrontation. The mutual attacks lasted for 40 days, continuing until the ceasefire declared on ...